notes_js

16.6k101NOTES2021-11-172024-09-17

Micro-Frontend

an architectural approach for building web applications by decomposing them into smaller, independently deployable and maintainable frontend modules or components. Each sub-application repo is independent and does not share its own state during runtime.

to decouple complex application.
allow teams to work on different parts of an application independently
allow to gradually replace or rewrite old part of an project, and friendly to grey deploy
integrating third-party components or services

QianKun is built upon single-spa, listening for location changes, and then matching and loading sub-applications accordingly. Each sub-application has its own entry file and DOM container. This approach is similar to using multiple entry files in webpack.

Design Patterns

method chaining

a concept, one function returns the current(refer to this in js) object and another function can use values in this.


class chaining{
  Method1(v){
    this.v = v
    console.log(this)
    return this
  }
  Method2(v){
    this.v = v
    console.log(this)
    return this
  }
}
const chaining_obj = new chaining()
chaining_obj.Method1(1).Method2(2)

the principles of component design

single responsibility principle. to compose complex components by smaller specialized components.
conceals the construction of components, and only reveals the necessary information
To ensure predictability and determinacy of components, always return the same output for a given input
keep loose coupling, instead of tight coupling. Components should have little or no knowledge about others.
composable. Composition is a way to combine components to create a bigger component
reuseable
pure or almost pure function which means no side effects and doesn’t depend on the environment or the global state, such as network or global variables.
isolate the impure code from the pure
straightforward to test
a meaningful name. If a component’s usage is highly specific, its name may contain more words, like <HeaderMenu> <Header>

the levels of a component based on its usage
1. Reading name and props; best
2. Consulting documentation; good
3. Exploring the code; admissible
4. Asking the author. avoid

performance optimization

avid reflow and repaint
utilize prefetch and preload to enhance the execution order of js and prevent it from blocking HTML rendering
enable GZIP compression on the server
minimize the number of DOM elements and keep the DOM structure as simple as possible
lazy loading
virtual scroll
- listen to scroll event, only render the items within the visible area of parent element according the scrollTop and the visible height of the parent
- dynamic height
- Use the estimated height initially, and then replace the position value with the actual DOM height after rendering. Add a buffer area by rendering a few items at the top and bottom of the visible area. This provides more time to render and calculate for a smooth scrolling experience.

browser rendering

the rendering process

browser obtains the IP address from the domain name through DNS(domain name system) analysis
send a http request to that IP address
server receives the request and responds with html content
the browser parses html string and create a dom tree, and then proceeds to analyzes CSS, forming CSS rule trees
structure the rendering tree(only the nodes necessary for display)

GUI rendering thread and JS engine thread

GUI(graphical user interface) rendering thread and JS engine thread are mutual exclusive. The rendering process pauses during the download, analysis, and execution of JS. When the browser encounters JS during the rendering process, it halts rendering to construct the rendering tree and passes control to the JS engine .

reflow and repaint

reflow: When changes in DOM geometrical properties (like width, height, or display) affect the page layout or the position of other elements, the browser must recalculate the page’s layout.
repaint: when the style(like color, background) of dom are changed
If repaint doesn’t affect the geometrical size of the DOM elements, then reflow isn’t required. However, reflow will inevitably trigger repaint.

avid reflow and repaint as much as possible

use transform instead of positive and top, the former performs changes in the GPU instead of causing reflow and occupying the rendering thread.
use visibility instead of display:none, the former incur repaint only while the latter will change layout
instead of making multiple small changes to the DOM, try to make all necessary changes in one go.
accessing properties like offsetWidth, offsetHeight, or getComputedStyle() can trigger a reflow
use browser developer tools to monitor performance metrics like reflows, repaints, and rendering performance.

SVG

properties

width/height: define the size in the document
viewBox: first two number are min-x and min-y used to define the position, the other two are define the scale relative to width/height

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when the viewBox is same as width/height, then the dimension is 1. if it is smaller than width/height, then the dimension is larger than 1, and vice versa.
<svg viewBox="0 0 200 200" width="200" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"></svg>

path

M: move to

L: line to

H: draw a horizontal line

V: draw a vertical line

Z: close path, combine the start and the end

C: curve, x1 y1 x2 y2 x y, the last set x y specify where the line should end and the line start at the point where the last operation ended, the first two are control points.

 <svg className="selected-round-btm" viewBox="0 0 8 8" width="8" height="8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<path d="M 0,8 L 8,8 L 8,0 C 8,0 8,8 0,8 " fill="#fff"></path>
	<circle cx="0" cy="0" r="8" stroke="#e4e4e4" fill="none" />
</svg>

S: smooth curveto

A: rx ry x-axis-rotation large-arc-flag sweep-flag x y, draw an arc

rx ry radius x and radius y
x-axis-rotation
large-arc-flag determines that the arc should be greater than or less than 180 degrees.
sweep-flag determines that the drawing direction is clockwise or anticlockwise.

x y the ending point calculated with angle, while the arc starting point is at three o’clock of a circle, circle center + radius = the arc starting point

// get the ending point with an angle
function polarToCartesian(centerX, centerY, radius, angleInDegrees) {
  const angleInRadians = (angleInDegrees * Math.PI) / 180.0 // the length of the arc
	const largeArcFlag = angleInDegrees <= 180 ? "0" : "1";

  const x = centerX + radius * Math.cos(angleInRadians)
  const y = centerY + radius * Math.sin(angleInRadians)
  return [radius, radius, largeArcFlag, 0, x, y]
}

a 360-degree circle can’t be done by one arc, since the end point are same with the start point. but it consist of two arcs.
- "M 140 80 A 60 60 0 0 0 20 80 + 60 60 0 1 0 140 80

Q: x1 y1, x y, quadratic Bézier curve, to control the slope of two sides with one point, which is the first set
T: x y, smooth quadratic Bézier curveto, auto control the slope of two sides according to the last control point

filter

in && in2, SourceGraphic | SourceAlpha | BackgroundImage | BackgroundAlpha | FillPaint | StrokePaint |
1.in is the first input, and in2 is the second input, while the placing order is same with the layer order of PS
2.if in is not existed, then the value will be the previous filter input

feBlend, to blend two layers ruled by a certain blending mode
- in
- in2
- mode
feComposite, to combine two input images
- in
- in2
- operator, compositing operations

CSS

css anchor position

stacking context

Special properties like z-index will cause elements to form a stacking context 层叠上下文, as those properties can change the render order of elements on the page if their values are set to something other than none

position, opacity, filter, transform, detailed list of such special properties

selector

/* nth-of-type and nth-child, the former according to the order of a given type, while the latter according to the order of children*/
p:nth-of-type(2) { }
p:nth-of-type(odd) { }
p:nth-of-type(even) { }
p:nth-of-type(3n) { }

/* select p which is behind h1*/
h1 + p { }

/*select all the children of container*/
.container > * { }

/* according to element's attributes */
input[type="button"] { }

box module

standard box: only content is included in with / height
IE box: border / padding / content are included in with / height

box-sizing: content-box = standard
box-sizing: border-box = IE

layouts

adaptive design: multiple predefined layouts are created for different screen sizes
responsive design: use flexible grids and elements that automatically adjust and reflow based on the viewport size
物理像素：计算机硬件，真实屏幕的像素点
css像素：属于逻辑像素的一种
设备像素比（Device Pixel Ratio，DPR）：物理像素与逻辑像素之比吗，比如iphone6物理像素是750 x1334，但实际逻辑像素是 375* 667，所以dpr = 2，这表示iphone6采用高清屏使用两个像素去渲染一个像素使画面更高清，iphone6 plus 甚至是dpr = 3
1px 问题：设计师的视觉稿是相对于物理像素750px，实现一个1px边框，但css逻辑像素是375px，border-width:0.5px 使用transform: scale(0.5)
% + meta
vw/vh/% + px + flex layout，响应式布局
flex + vw/v/%h布局，局部使用px
在跨设备类型的时候（pc <-> 手机 <-> 平板）使用媒体查询
rem ，响应式布局，动态设置 root 的 fontsize，子节点使用rem，和flexible不同的是可以根据pc、手机、平板的尺寸来设置比例使子节点计算方便

1 2	var deviceWidth = document.documentElement.clientWidth deviceWidth = deviceWidth < 320 ? 320 : deviceWidth > 640 ? 640 : deviceWidth

flexible, self-adoption

模拟vw特性，动态的将页面宽度的1/10作为根节点的 fontsize，子节点使用rem就等于是按照页面比例计算

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var doc = document.documentElement
var rem = doc.clientWidth / 10
doc.style.fontSize = rem + 'px'

高倍屏适配，修改了等比缩放视口的scale值，使得clientWidth变为物理像素尺寸，1物理像素等于1css像素，由原来的375=>750, media尺寸查询语句也同样需要修改

var metaEL = document.querySelector('meta[name="viewport"]')
var dpr = window.devicePixelRatio
var scale = 1 / dpr
metaEL.setAttribute('content', 'width=device-width, initial-scale=' + scale + ', maximum-scale=' + scale + ', minimum-scale=' + scale + ', user-scalable=no')
document.documentElement.style.fontSize = deviceWidth / 7.5 + 'px' // 7.5并不固定

centered and vertically aligned layout

Flex

.parent {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  height: 100vh;
}

Grid

display: table and display: table-cell;vertical-align: middle;

.parent {
  display: table;
  width: 400px;
  height: 300px
}
.child {
  display: table-cell;
  vertical-align: middle;
  text-align: center;
}

position and transform

.parent {
    position: relative;
    height: 100vh;
    border: 1px solid #ccc;
}
.child {
    position: absolute;
    top: 50%;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}

others

text linear-gradient

{
  color: transparent;
  -webkit-background-clip: text;
  background-clip: text;
  background-image: linear-gradient(130deg,red,black);
}

browsers (like chrome) can set a minimum fontsize which can’t be overthrow, but transform: scale can be a workaround

  // set an unseen element for getting the minimum size
const minimumSize = Number.parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(document.getElementById("minimumSize"), null).getPropertyValue("font-size").replace(/px/, ""))
  // generate different scales based on the minimumSize
  //the app has been set to fit `window.devicePixelRatio`  in this situation. so the fontsize takes rem as unit,  and item * fontSize is purposed to get the original size.
const fontSizes = [1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 2, 2.8].map((item) => {
	const _s = item * fontSize < minimumSize ? item * fontSize / minimumSize : 1
	return `--fontSize${item.toString().replace(/\./, "")}:${_s};`
}).join("")

transform doesn’t work on inline elements

use position: sticky with flex layout. the sticked elements may still moving when user scrolling.

<!-- set flex's width to the sum total of all the cell widths 250vw to fix the problem -->
  <div class="container" style="overflow: auto">
      <div class="flex"style="display: flex">
        <div class="cell" style="width: 25vw;flex-shrink: 0;background: green; position: sticky; left: 0">cell</div>
        <div class="cell" style="width: 25vw;flex-shrink: 0;background: green;position: sticky; left: 25vw">cell</div>
        <div class="cell" style="width: 25vw;flex-shrink: 0;background: red">cell</div>
        <div class="cell" style="width: 25vw;flex-shrink: 0;background: red">cell</div>
        <div class="cell" style="width: 25vw;flex-shrink: 0;background: red">cell</div>
        <div class="cell" style="width: 25vw;flex-shrink: 0;background: red">cell</div>
        <div class="cell" style="width: 25vw;flex-shrink: 0;background: red">cell</div>
        <div class="cell" style="width: 25vw;flex-shrink: 0;background: red">cell</div>
        <div class="cell" style="width: 25vw;flex-shrink: 0;background: red">cell</div>
        <div class="cell" style="width: 25vw;flex-shrink: 0;background: red">cell</div>
      </div>
  </div>

text ellipsis
- text-overflow: ellipsis only applies to single line
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  .single {
  overflow: hidden;
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  }
- multiple lines
  - use after pseudo class to display “…” after the text
  - cut off the text through js

attr()

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.test::before {
  content: '我的内容是' attr(text) '颜色是' attr(data-color);
}

1	<div class="test" data-text="TEXT" data-color="red"></div>

shape-outside make the adjoining inline-elements around itself
pseudo-elements, don’t work on img/select/input
- ::before and ::after can add elements, and clean float.
- ::first-line, ::first-letter, ::selection
pseudo-class
- :enabled and `:disabled
- :checked
- :nth-child(n), :nth-of-type(n)
element hiding
- transform: scale(0,0) will not respond to event listeners
- visibility:visible can display children whose parent is hidden by visibility:hidden
Browsers render empty characters between inline elements as whitespace.

Storage

cookie, 4kb, can set the expire time, httpOnly = true means this cookie is set by server and can only be changed by server

localStorage sessionStorage, maximum size 5MB

localStorage.setItem('chooseId',JSON.stringify(this.$route.params))
localStorage.removeItem('chooseId')
localStorage.clear()
localStorage.key(index)

indexedDB no size limits, it can be used like a database

caches, an object which include cache instances, each cache instance can viewed as a storage region. the return type of all the methods of caches or cache instance is promise.

methods which are mounted on caches are used for managing cache instances.
- caches: keys open delete has match
- differ between has and match: has return boolean while match give you the data

if we want to store something, then we need to use open to get a cache instance where is our data stay

cache instance: add addAll keys delete match matchAll put

// differ between `add` and `put`: add can `fetch` and `store` the data automatically, but also because of automatically then we can't make changes on key and value to be stored
// so fetch + put = add
cache.add(request).then(function() {
  // request has been added to the cache
});
fetch(url).then(function(response) {
  return cache.put(url, response);
})

when use cache with service worker, the data we stored is the raw response returned by http

RegExp (regular expression)

1 2	var re = new RegExp(“a”, "img") var re = /a/img;

modifier

i ignore uppercase and lowercase of letters
g global matching, to search from the start to the end whatever how much
m matching on multiple lines
es6 u turn on Unicode mode to deal with Unicode characters
es6 y similar with g, but it’s match work started form the beginning of the string
- it’s effect is equal to add ^ at the beginning of a regexp, so it could regarded as a complement for that g couldn’t add ^
- sticky, new property of RegExp, to know the regexp is added y or not

Properties

es6 regexp.flags, get all the modifiers
es6 regexp.source, get the regexp context

regexp.lastIndex, allow you to define and get the index from where the next match work started

const REGEX = /a/g;
REGEX.lastIndex = 2; // to define the index
const match = REGEX.exec('match a string');
match.index // 6
REGEX.lastIndex // 7， to get the index

test(), is matching or not

1	regExp.test(str) // boolean

search()

1	string.search(regExp) // return an index or -1

replace(), es6 replaceAll

1	string.replace(regExp, replaceText) // return the replaced string

exec()

1	regExp.exec(string) // return an array of information which include lastIndex, allow you to match along the last position.

// use with while
var regExp = /t(e)(st(\d?))/g;
var string = 'test1test2test3';
while (match = regExp.exec(string)) {
  console.log(match)
}

with named capture groups(具名组匹配), you can get the data of each group which declared by ()

1 2	const regExp = /(?<year>\d{4})-(?<month>\d{2})-(?<day>\d{2})/ const matchObj = regExp.exec('1999-12-31');

match(), es6 matchAll

1	'For more information, see Chapter 3.4.5.1'.match( /see (chapter \d+(\.\d)*)/i) // return an array of information

symbols

PS Safari does not support ?!=n ?<=n ?<!=n ?:n

key	usage
`()`	Parentheses, to group regular expressions
`[]`	match any character within the brackets
`^` `$`	match from the start or the end of the string
`[^a]`	match string which no ”a“
`{n,m}`	the display times > n and < m
`{n,}`	the display times > n
`{,m}`	the display times < m
`*`	equal to {0,}
`+`	equal to {1,}
`?`	equal to {,1}, /.*?(\d)/, when ? is used with greed mode, it means to exclude a specific format
\|	a\|b === a or b
`.`	equal to {1,}
`.*`	greedy mode
`.*?`	the regex engine will, at every step it matches text into the “.” attempt to match whatever make come after the “.*?”
`\d`	equal to `[0-9]`
`\D`	equal to `[^0-9]`
`\w`	equal to `[a-zA-Z_]`
`\W`	equal to `[^/w]`
`\s`	equal to `[ \f\n\r\t\v]`(换页,enter,空格,tab,垂直制表符) , matching all the empty characters
`\S`	equal to `[^/s]`
`/S/s`	all the characters
(.\|\n)*	to match any characters across multiple line
`?=n`	match string but don’t get, the string after which is n
`?!=n`	match string but don’t get, the string after which isn’t n
`?<=n`	(incompatible with safari) match string but don’t get, the string before which is n
`?<!=n`	match string but don’t get, the string before which isn’t n
`?:n`	match string but don’t get

examples

to match every character except ,;

/[^,;]+/

to match a string, stop matching until a specific format is encountered

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 // ?(?=hello) match string but don't get
 // ?(hello) match string and get
'"/public/images/index/组 4099.png","textAlign":"'.match(/public\/images\/(.*?(?="))/img)

verify float number, two standards judged by |

1	/^(([0-9]+\.?[0-9]+)\|([0-9]*))$/.test("5.")

get an array of date number arranged by [year, month, day, hour, minute, second]

1	new Date().toLocaleString("zh").match(/[0-9]*/g).filter((el) => el).map(el => (el.length < 2 ? "0" : "") + el)

extract the type in the string returned by Object.prototype.toString.call

1	/(?<=\[object ).*(?=])/.exec(Object.prototype.toString.call({}))

Javascript

symbol and keyword

keyword	function
`=~`	按位非var `num1=~25;//-26 值反一次再减一`
`6%4`	取余, c%2 !== 0
`~~`	取整 `~~(6 / 4) // 1 ~~(9 / 4) // 2`
`yield next` `yield*`	to stop or resume a generate function, yield* 加入另一个可迭代的对象
`es6` `?.`	optional chain, stop running when null or undefined is encountered
`es6` `??`	`null ?? 4; 4 ?? 5` the right value will be returned when the left value is `null` or `undefined`
`es6` `&&=`	`a &&= 1` === `a && (a=1)` // if a is existed then assign 1 to it
`es6` `??=`	`a ??= 1` === `a ?? (a=1)` // if a is `null` or `undefined` then assign 1 to it
`es6` `**`	指数运算符 `2 3 // 8` b = 3; // equal to `b = b * b * b;`
`es6` `symbol`	data type: designed to prevent conflicts in property naming

delete obj.a delete an object’s own property without affecting properties that are part of the object’s prototype chain

in: to get know whether a property or an item exists

1 2	var arr = [1]; console.log(0 in arr); // true var arr = { a: 4 }; console.log('a' in arr); // true

es6 … spread syntax to expand an iterable such as an array expression or string

// express rest arguments
const bar = (...args) => args

// to concat or insert items
{ ...obj1, ...obj2 }
[...iterableObj, '4', 'five', 6]

// Applying with new operator
new Date(...[1970, 0, 1])

while, the expression inside the brackets can be an assigning expression

 var bb = 1
 while (aa = bb) { // assigning the value of bb to aa, and judge aa is false or not
console.log(aa)
bb++
if (bb === 5) bb = null // bb = null, then aa = null
 }

break continue return, break is used in switch/while/if/for to break one layer of the loop
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for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i === 3) continue
console.log(i)
}

es6 set similar to Array, but each item in set is unique

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const items = new Set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5]);
items.size // the length is 5, and the repeated value aren't be counted
items.add(6) // add item

es6 map similar to set, but key: value structure like an object. the key of an object is string, while the key of a map can be any type.
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const m = new Map();
const o = {p: 'Hello World'};
m.set(o, 'content')
m.get(o)
m.size // 1
es6 WeakMap && WeakSet, all the properties of the two are shallow copied(weak reference), if an object are referenced only by WeakSet, then this object will be deleted by Garbage-Collection
export && import && export default

variable declaration

var

if a var variable is not declared in a function scope, then it is a global object and is mounted on window

can be re-declared in a same scope

var b = 1
var b = 1

let c = 10
let c = 20 // Identifier 'b' has already been declared

var variables can be used before declare, var declaration will be raising to the first line when engine is running, even the variable is declared in a block scope
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console.log(a) // warning
let a = 1
console.log(b) // undefined
var b = 1

let, const

let is used to declare a variable.
const declares a constant with simultaneous assignment and declaration, and its value cannot be reassigned. For reference type data, the value maintains the memory location unchanged.

no variable increase

if (true) {
  let m   = 'block scope';
  const n = 'block scope 2';
  var k = 'global scope';
  console.log(m); // block scope
  console.log(n); // block scope 2
  console.log(k); // global scope
}
console.log(m); // Reference Error
console.log(n); // Reference Error
console.log(k); // global scope

function a() {
  var a = 1
  if (a == 1)  let a = 2
}
function a() {
  let a = 1
  if (a == 1) var a = 2 // warning
}

a variable cannot be declared with the same name as a function’s arguments.

1 2	(function func(arg) { var arg })() (function func(arg) { let arg })() // SyntaxError

es6 shorthand

const a = {
  'first word': 'hello',
  [lastWord]: 'world'
}

const baz = {foo}

iterate

for...in... iterate object’s key and array’s index
forEach can’t jump out by return, forEach for...of... iterate value and can’t be used on Object

Object.keys(obj) // without Symbol
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj) // without Symbol
Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(obj) // only Symbol
Reflect.ownKeys(obj) // all the attribute names no except
for (let i in obj) console.log(obj[i])

Instance’s Properties

// Object.create(null) will create an object which does not inherit from Object.prototype, so the methods of Object are inaccessible.
Object.create(null).hasOwnProperty("foo") // error

// the following two are worked same
Object.hasOwn({a:0},"a")
Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call({a:0}, "a")

Object’s Properties

es6 Object.values({}) Object.keys({})
es6 Object.assign(), copy the properties of the arguments to the first argument

es6 Object.entries({}) Object.fromEntries([]) transform object to array and vice visa

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const obj = {a: 'someString', b: 42}
Object.entries(obj) // [['a', 'someString'], ['b', 42]]
Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(obj)) // {a: 'someString', b: 42}

es6 Object.is(value1, value2) compare whether two values are same, can compare objects by comparing they reference. almost same as ===, but there has two differences:
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+0 === -0 //true
NaN === NaN // false

Object.is(+0, -0) // false
Object.is(NaN, NaN) // true
Object.prototype.toString.call() get data’s type
es6 Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors
es6 Object.setPrototypeOf() Object.getPrototypeOf() set and get the prototype of an object

JSON

JSON.parse(string)

JSON.stringify(obj)

JSON.stringify(object: any, replacer: (key: string, value: any) => any, space: string)
const foo = {
  foundation: "Mozilla",
  model: "box",
  week: 45,
  transport: "car",
  month: 7,
  obj: {
    a: 2, 
    b:[7,8]
  }
};

// if replacer is a function, replacer will be called on each value to-string process
// ps: the value of the first call is the target object
JSON.stringify(foo, (key, value) => {
  console.log(key, value)
  if (typeof value === "number") {
    return "number"
  }
  return value 
}) // '{"foundation":"Mozilla","model":"box","week":"number","transport":"car"}'

// if replacer is an array and all the items are string, the resulting string will only keeps the {key: value} which's key is listed in the replacer
JSON.stringify(foo, ["month", "obj", "a"]); //'{"month":7,"obj":{"a":2}}'

Array

includes(item), item exists or not
lastIndexOf, indexOf return index

at(index), index can be negative, return item of the given index

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const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
arr.at(2) // 2
arr.at(-2) // 4

forEach no return and cannot break the loop
if an item is deleted during the loop, the items after it will be skipped
every all items return true => return true, any one return false => return false and break the loop
some any item return true => true, no one return true => false
find findLast | findIndex | findLastIndex any item return true => return the item or index(findLast return the last one)，IE 11 doesn’t support
filter return an array constituted by items which is returned true
map return an array constituted by the return data of the function
reduce reduceRight, get an accumulation from an array, the latter is executed by the order of right to left
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[1,2,3].reduce((accumulator, currentValue, currentIndex, Array) => accumulator + currentValue)
reverse reverse the order of an array
join
fill(value, start, end)
pop / shift remove the first / last item of an array, and return the removed item
unshift / push add item to the start / end of an array, and return the current length of an array
splice slice, three parameters: start index, delete count, items which need to add. return the removed items
splice changes the original array, while slice create new one
concat concat two or more arrays, and return a new array. the items of new array are shallow copied
sort

flat

// 数组降维，递归地将数组展平到指定的深度，默认为1	const array = [1, [2, [3]]];
array.flat();  // → [1, 2, [3]]
array.flat(Infinity);   // → [1, 2, 3]
[2, 3, 4].flatMap((x) => [x, x * 2]);  // → [2, 4, 3, 6, 4, 8]

set
- has(value) value exists or not
- add(value) return the array itself
- delete(value) boolean, delete one item
- clear() no return, clean all items
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[...new Set(array)] // repeated items will be deleted
Array.from(new Set(array)) // set to array

number precision issues

JS uses the IEEE 754 double-precision (64-bit) floating-point format. computers use the binary (base-2) number system, which cannot precisely represent many decimal (base-10) fractions. some floating-point numbers, such as 0.1 or 0.2, will translate to infinitely repeating binary fractions.
IEEE 754 stores numbers in computer memory and allocates a 64-bit storage space(1-bit for a sign(express negative or positive), 11-bit for exponent, 52 -bit for fraction) for floating-point numbers.

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// decimal to binary in computer
0.1 (decimal) = 0.0001100110011001100110011001100... (binary)
0.1.toString(2) // 0.0001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001101

some workarounds in js

a tolerance for comparison

1 2	const epsilon = 1e-10; console.log(Math.abs((0.1 + 0.2) - 0.3) < epsilon);

string conversion
scale numbers to integers to avoid fractions.

scope

scope types

global scope
- defined at the external of the outmost function
- declared without var, let and const
- belonging to window

ES6 Module scope

// lib.js
var a = "a";
export var b = "b";
// main.js
import {b} from "lib";
console.log(a); // error
console.log(b); // "b"

function or local scope, a variable is declared within a function, so it can’t be accessed from the outside.
block scope, if / switch / while / for create a block scope. a variable which is defined by let / const is stay in block scope

static scope, when looking a variable, the engine will go to the scope in which the variable was created

var x = 10
function fn() { console.log(x); }
function show(f) {
  var x = 20;
  fn() //10
}
show(fn);

nested scope, a scope can be nested inside another scope.

scope chain

when the JS engine try to find a variable, first it will seek in the current scope, if there is no result then it will go to the parent’s scope. finding layer by layer, that is scope chain.

var a = 100
function F1() {
	var b = 200;
	(function () {
		var c = 300
		console.log(a, b, c)
	})()
}
F1()

Memory Management

life cycle

Allocate the memory
- JS automatically allocate memory whenever a value is declared
- function is considered as an object
- arguments needs memory allocation
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  const s = "azerty";
  // [0,3] range needs stored
  const s2 = s.substr(0, 3);
Use the allocated memory (read, write)
- reading and writing in allocated memory
Release the allocated memory
- Garbage-Collection

Garbage-Collection

an object has a reference to its prototype (implicit reference 隐式引用) and to its properties values (explicit reference 显示引用).

Reference-counting Garbage-Collection

引用计数垃圾收集
An object is said to be garbage, if there are zero references pointing to it.
circular references easily results in memory leak. two objects are reference to each other in a function scope. They will go out of the function scope after the function call has completed. they are useless after the function is called, but they will not be considered garbage since they still have at least one reference.
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function f() {
const x = {};
const y = {};
x.a = y; // x references y
y.a = x; // y references x
return
}
f()

mark and sweep algorithm

标记-清除算法
An object is said to be garbage, if an object is unreachable. the garbage collector starts from the root which is the global object in js, and inspects all the children recursively. Starting from the roots, the garbage collector will find all reachable objects and mark them as active. Any memory not marked as active can now be considered garbage.
with this algorithm, circular references is no longer a problem since the objects is unreachable after the function is completely.

weakly reference

if an object is only held by weakly reference, then the object will be considered as unreachable.
The keys of WeakMap and WeakSet can be garbage-collected (for WeakMap objects, the values would then be eligible for Garbage-Collection as well) as long as nothing else in the program is referencing the key

FinalizationRegistry

listen to the garbage-collect event

const registry = new FinalizationRegistry(heldValue => {
  console.log(heldValue)
});
let obj = { a: 0 }
registry.register(obj, "some value"); // target and holdings cannot be same

memory leak

Out of DOM references. a DOM node that was once kept in an object, even after it’s removed from the DOM tree, still persists in that object.
timers or callbacks. Most of libraries provide observers and other facilities that take callbacks.
accidental global variables. cause mark and sweep algorithm, a variable which is mounted on window or this will not be considered garbage
- add ‘use strict’ can prevent this issue
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function foo() {
this.variable = "potential accidental global";
}
// Foo called on its own, this points to the global object (window)
foo();

closure.

// seems fixed in the newly v8
var theThing = null;
var replaceThing = function () { // shared scope, shared with `unused` and `someMethod`. `unused` is never used, `someMethod` can be used through `theThing`. And as `someMethod` shares the closure scope with `unused`, even though `unused` is never used, its reference to `originalThing` forces it to stay active.

  var originalThing = theThing; // holds the previous value of  `theThing`
  var unused = function () { // holds `originalThing`
    if (originalThing)
      console.log("hi");
  };
  theThing = {
    longStr: new Array(1000000).join('*'),
    someMethod: function () {
      console.log(someMessage);
    }
  };
};
setInterval(replaceThing, 1000);

closure

closure is a combination created by binding a function to the lexical environment. it allows you to access the outside scope from the inner of a function.

advantages

data privacy. it means that you can’t access the data of the inner scope from the outside.
privileged methods. the methods exposed by the function are privileged because they can access data in both the inner scope and the outer scope.

stateful function. a state is a snapshot of the current environment, every change will take a picture of the current environment.

var func = () => {
  let a = 3
  return (b) => {
    a = ++ a
    return b * a
  }
}
let closure = func()
closure(4) // 16

partial application refers to the process of fixing a number of arguments to a function, producing another function that takes fewer arguments than the original function. it takes advantage of closure scope in order to fix arguments.
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const partialApply = (fn, ...fixedArgs) => {
return function (...remainingArgs) {
return fn.apply(this, fixedArgs.concat(remainingArgs))
}
}
Function Factories, to generate functions with pre-configured behavior or to create multiple functions with similar functionality. like debounce function
Memoization, to cache the results of expensive function calls

Stale closure

a stale closure captures a variable whose value is outdated

createIncrement function returns two functions, increment and log. The former responsible for value increasing. the latter logs a const, whose value is fixed since it defined, then every time call the log fun, it gets message which has a outdated value.

function createIncrement(incBy) {
  let value = 0;
  function increment() {
    value += incBy;
    console.log(value);
  }
  const message = `Current value is ${value}`;
  function log() {
    console.log(message);
  }
  return [increment, log];
}
const [increment, log] = createIncrement(1);
increment(); // 1
increment(); // 2
log(); // Current value is 0

When using setTimeout and setInterval, the function delays execution, but any variables saved within the function retain their values as they were at the time the function was defined. This means that if variables change during the delay time, the function only accesses the old values of those variables.

prototype

every object has a prototype, from which objects inherit properties and methods
an instance inherits prototype from constructor, which is placed on the __proto__

a constructor has a prototype which includes two properties constructor and proto. additionally, it inherit proto from Object.prototype

the prototype.constructor refer to the default constructor
even all the built-in functions such as Object, Function, Array、RegExp、Date、Boolean、Number、String , the prototype.proto of them point to the Object.prototype, that means they inherited are from Object, and Object.prototype.proto refer to null.

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Person.prototype.constructor === Person // Person is a constructor, Person.prototype.constructor point to the "constructor" function self
person01.__proto__ == Person.prototype // person01 is an instance, person01.__proto__  point to a place same as Person.prototype
Array.prototype.__proto__ == Object.prototype == Object.prototype.__proto__ = null

property chain

when we access an object‘s property, first the engine will try to find the property within the object itself. if it doesn’t find, it then look at the object.__proto__. if it still doesn’t find , it continues up the __proto__ chain, checking each subsequent __proto__. until it find Object.prototype, in which the prototype is null, then the engine can conclude that the property doesn’t exist.

diff between constructor and normal function

a constructor usually doesn’t use return keyword, because this of a constructor will be used as the result of new keyword.

when a constructor returns an object, that object will be used as the result returned by the new keyword. otherwise, if the result is a primitive type, then this will be returned by the new keyword.

function Person(name) {
  this.name = name;
  return "Hello"; // a primitive value
}

const person1 = new Person("Alice");
console.log(person1); // Output: Person { name: "Alice" }

by the first rule, this and new are used in a constructor but not in a normal function
what does NEW do?
- create an Object
- bind this of the current scope to that object
- copy the prototype from the constructor, and placed it in the object._proto_
- execute the code inside the constructor, and return the object

Inheritance

create a child object classes which will inherit features from another class
OO => object oriented programming
favor object composition over inheritance
concatenative inheritance, inherit features from another object by copying the source objects properties
- Object.assign()
- … spread syntax
- bind, call and apply(can receive an array). binding “this” to a function

let beBound = { a: 1 }
let beCalled = function (...arg) { console.log(this, arg )}
// the first argument will be bound with the function, the others used as rest arguments
// return a function which are created by binding a copy of the first argument to the called function
let newOneFixedArgument = beCalled.bind(beBound, "newOne", "fixedArgument")
newOneFixedArgument()
let newOneFreeArgument = beCalled.bind(beBound)
newOneFreeArgument("newOne", "freeArgument")

// call and apply will execute the function immediately, and doesn't change the called function
beCalled.call(beBound, "call", "individual arguments")
beCalled.apply(beBound, ["apply", "array argument"]) // accept an array

prototype delegation

new constructor
- functional inheritance / factory function. It is not a constructor or class. Instead, it operates by generating an object from a factory and extending the produced object by assigning properties to it through concatenative inheritance.
class extend / sub-classing.
inherit everything from a class, can’t choose what you wanted
this initialization by calling the parent’s constructor with super() and can pass arguments to the parent, while in the constructor function that the new keyword does the initialization automatically.

deep and shallow copy

basic data types: data are stored in stack
reference data types: data are stored in heap, while stack only have object’s reference
shallow copy: copy the reference of object
deep copy: copy data

the following methods perform a deep copy only for the first layer of an object.

Object.assign({}, state)
{...state}
Array.prototype.concat()
Array.prototype.slice()

completely deep copy

structuredClone() creates a deep clone of a given value(include circular references). to clone DOM element File, Map, Set, and functions that are not part of the built-in objects, will result in an error or an incomplete copy
JSON.parse(JSON.stringify()), some complex types will be translated into string:
- Dates, functions, undefined, Infinity, RegExps, Maps, Sets, Blobs, FileLists, ImageData, sparse Arrays, Typed Arrays
- undefined will be ignored
- an object with circular references(properties are refer to each other) can’t be converted
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  let obj = {
  a: 1,
  b: {
  c: 2,
  d: 3,
  },
  f: undefined,
  }
  obj.c = obj.b
  obj.e = obj.a
  obj.b.c = obj.c
  obj.b.d = obj.b

MessageChannel, data that is delivered MessageChannel are deep copied. but delivering a function will cause error

 function deepCopy(obj) {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
  const { port1, port2 } = new MessageChannel()
  port2.onmessage = (ev) => resolve(ev.data)
  port1.postMessage(obj)
})
 }

 deepCopy(obj).then((copy) => {
  console.log(copy);
 })

Single-threaded

a thread is a single unit of execution. one or more threads can be exist in a process. a Single-threaded programming language which has a single-threaded runtime engine that runs tasks in a program sequentially.

JS as a browser script, interacts with user and manipulates dom. two threads will bring synchronize problem, as if one thread changes a node, and another thread removes that node, which thread the browser should believe. therefore even in the web worker, manipulating dom is not allowed, and web worker is controlled by main-thread

Event Loop

Heap and Stack?
both of them are two areas in memory where data is stored.
Heap(dynamic memory allocation) stores objects which mutable and have a variable size.
Stack(Static memory allocation) store Primitive values which is immutable and have a fixed size.
Call Stack
Call Stack is in the Main-Thread and is used to store functions for execution
synchronous and asynchronous
they are two types of js tasks.
synchronous tasks are stored in the Call Stack, waiting for execution
asynchronous tasks like fetch or setTimeout are handled by other process in the browser. JS is Single-threaded, but browser is Multi-process
Task Queue(Callback Queue)
following FIFO(first in first out)
asynchronous tasks are related with callbacks. if a asynchronous task is finished by browser, then it’s corresponding callback will push into the Task Queue
Event Loop
if all the tasks in Call Stack are completed, then JS engine will continuously scans Task Queue to find tasks and push them into Call Stack. this process where JS engine constantly scans for tasks is called as Event Loop.
through Event Loop, JS engine can handle asynchronous tasks, and meanwhile keeps the responsive of the page
Call Frame
every call of function will leave a Call Frame（调用帧）, which keeps the inner information about function including variables and the location where the function called. those information will be deleted after the function is completed.

following LIFO(last in first out)
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// put C into stack => B in => A in => A out => B out => C out
function funA() { console.log('funA') };
function funB() { funA() }
function funC() { funB() }
funC()

two types of tasks in Task Queue, Macro and Micro

Macro tasks include setImmediate(Deprecated) / setTimeout / setInterval / MessageChannel /requestAnimationFrame / UI render/ I/O in node.js
Micro tasks include the onerror and then callback.
setImmediate -> MessageChannel -> setTimeout 0
the engine checks Macro Task first and the Micro Task second.

Promise initialize and resolve are synchronous.

setTimeout(function () {
 console.log(1)
}, 0)
var p1 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
 console.log(2)
 setTimeout(function () {
   console.log(4)
   resolve(1)
 }, 0)
})
setTimeout(function () {
 console.log(3)
}, 0)
for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
 ;(function (j) {
   p1.then(function (value) {
    console.log("promise then - " + j)
   })
 })(i)
}

async await, look at the following example:

async function async1(){
  console.log('async1 start')
  await async2()
  console.log('async1 end')
}
async function async2(){
  console.log('async2')
}
console.log('script start')
setTimeout(function(){
  console.log('setTimeout')
},0)
async1();
new Promise(function(resolve){
  console.log('promise1')
  resolve();
}).then(function(){
  console.log('promise2')
})
console.log('script end')

async1() doesn’t have await prefix, async1 will be translated by v8 like:

 // `async2` is Promise initialization, so it‘s a synchronous
 // the code after `await` will be put in `then` callback
function async1(){
  console.log('async1 start')
  Promise.resolve(async2).then(()=>{
    console.log('async1 end')
  })
}

Tail Call 尾调用 refers to calling another function “at the end” of a function’s execution.
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function a(x) { return b(x) }
- b is a Tail Call. given Call Stack, when a function is called, it creates a Call Frame that holds internal information until the call is completed. while Tail Call is the final action, the Call Frame will be kept until Tail Call is finished.
- optimize Tail Call to reduce stack space usage, is called Tail call optimization.

Tail Recursion
due tof call frame, Recursion often consumes a significant amount of memory and results stack overflow
in languages that support Tail call optimization, Tail Recursion can be used to avoid such issues

 // the recursive call is the last operation performed by the function
 // the call frame associated with that recursive call can be discarded or reused. 
function factorial(n, acc = 1) {
   if (n === 0) return acc;
   return factorial(n - 1, n * acc); // Tail recursion
 }
 console.log(factorial(5)); // Output: 120

debounce and throttle

debounce. a function can be executed when it is not called during a specific time

// execute debounce => got a function which bound with the debounce scope
// every time the instance executed that will clean and reassign the timer
const debounce = (func, delay) => {
    let timer
    return function () {
        const context = this, args = arguments
        clearTimeout(timer) // to clean before reassign
        timer = setTimeout(() => func.apply(context, args), delay)
    }
}
const instance = debounce(function () { console.log("executing") }, 3000)

throttle. a function can be executed only when the time is up

  // execute throttle => got a function which bound with the throttle scope
//when the isExpired is true, that means that the function can be executed and when it executed, then change the isExpired's state to false and set a time to change back
  const throttle = (func, delay) => {
        let isExpired = true
        return function () {
            const context = this
            const args = arguments
            if (isExpired === false) return
            func.apply(context, args)
            isExpired = false
            setTimeout(() => isExpired = true, delay)
        }
    }
    const instance = throttle(function () { console.log("executing") }, 3000)

breakpoint resume

web: fileReader + slice + FormData
server: createWriteStream + createReadStream

messageChannel

to communicate between two iframes / web workers / js modules
deep copy

generator

use generator to simulate async function

function run(fn: any) {
	const gen = fn()
	function thunk(...argu: any[]) {
		const res = gen.next(...argu)
		if (res.done) return
		if (res.value instanceof Promise) {
			res.value.then((res: any) => thunk(res))
		}
	}
	thunk()
}

const gen = function* (): Generator<any, any> {
	const a = yield get({ api: "manifest.json", params: { tenant: "devices" }, options: { sync: false } })
	console.log("a", a)

	const b = yield get({
		api: "manifest.json",
		params: { tenant: "devices" },
		options: {
			sync: false,
		},
	})
  console.log(b)

}

run(gen)

vue vs react

both of them are component-based architecture

Vue

considered easier to learn for beginners due to its simpler syntax and clear documentation.
use a Single File Component (SFC) which contains a template section for HTML markup, a script section for JS logic, and a style section for CSS.
has a growing community, most libraries are developed by the official team.
has a powerful two-way data binding system, keeping data and the UI in sync.

1 2	<!-- The input value is bound to the 'msg' data property --> <input type="text" v-model="msg" />

React

has a steeper learning curve due to its extensive ecosystem and more complex concepts.
uses JSX (JS XML), this allows to write HTML-like code in js files. JSX may be more powerful and expressive.
has a larger ecosystem and community support, with many third-party libraries and tools available.
follows a one-way data flow, explicitly manage state and re-render components when needed.
data flows in a one-way direction, from outside to inside, and from top to bottom. this ensures a simple and predictable data flow

the differences between class component and function component can considered as the difference between vue and react. since vue uses class component

no this issues in function components, you don’t have to do scope bonding
code lesser with function component, but worse maintaining
doesn’t need to manage state and life cycle

architectural patterns

MVC

Model - View - Controller
model contains data model, and describes how the data can be changed and manipulated.
view is UI components. it receives data from the model (via the controller) and display it to the user.
controller sits between model and view, processing the data from the model and passing back to the view for rendering.
view and model can interact with each other directly, so it’s coupled.

MVVM

Model – View – ViewModel
view and model are same as in MVC
ViewModel sits below the UI layer, acts as a bridge between the View and Model. Unlike the Controller in MVC, it doesn’t handle user interactions directly. it binds data between the View and Model, and ensures that the View reflects the state of the Model and vice versa.
view and model can’t interact with each other, it’s decoupled.
vue and react can be vm or mvvm, early Angular is mvc.

active view and passive view

the later only outputs UI and doesn’t accept user’s input, contains zero logic
the former contains events, data binging, and behaviors

Typescript

references

setting tsconfig for specific file

diff with js

pro

object-orient langua==ge static type checking. it can find low level bugs, like spelling mistake, incorrect or instanceof variable properties
type infer.
optional parameters
enum support
better support in IDE, like intelliSense of editor, auto-supplement
the type files can increase code reading ability, and make the project maintaining easer
.d.ts can be viewed as specifications
to identify incompatible interfaces when the field name changed

con

compiling step is required, and it may take a long time.
abstract class is not support
definition files for a third library is required
pollutes the code with type gymnastics

type judgement

Generics
keyof
typeof
indexed access: User["name]

map types, use - or + to remove readonly or optional modifier

type OptionsFlags<Type> = {
  [Property in keyof Type]: Type[Property]
}
// change all readonly or optional properties to normal
type CreateMutable<Type> = {
  -readonly [Property in keyof Type]: Type[Property];
};
type Concrete<Type> = {
  [Property in keyof Type]-?: Type[Property];
};

Diff of `null` and `undefined`

null means an absence of value
undefined means not initialized

Diff of `.ts` and `.d.ts`

.d.ts file is a declaration file, and would not be complied as a js file
- in a .d.ts file, if we want it act as a global declaration, then we have to use /// Triple-Slash Directives to import dependencies
- /// <reference types="node" /> is used for importing an outside module, while /// <reference types="./global.d.ts" /> is for importing a local declaration file

Diff of `type` and `interface`

type is used to declare a type alias, act like a variable. while interface introduce a named object type.

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// get the type of a variable to deduct (a part) of a payment from (the total)
let div = document.createElement("div")
type B = typeof div

interface, can be declared repeatedly, but a type cannot

interface User {
  name: string;
  age: number;
}
interface User {
  sex: string;
}
/* { name: string;  age: number; sex: string  } */

features

satisfies

is used to ensure that an expression meets certain constraints without altering the type of the expression.

circular references

1 2	interface LocalRes<T> { [x: string]: T } type LocalResPackage = LocalRes<LocalResPackage \| string>

new describe the shape of a constructor

abstract to mark a class with abstract, means that the class is only meant to be extended from, can’t be used directly

abstract class Shape {
  abstract getArea(): number;
}

new Shape(); // error Cannot create an instance of an abstract class.

class Square extends Shape {}
new Square(3) // right

extends conditional types
SomeType extends OtherType ? TrueType : FalseType;

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// if Dog extends from Animal, then Example = number, otherwise Example = string
type Example = Dog extends Animal ? number : string;

infer
can be used to unpack type, to get the item’s type of an array, the return value’s type or the parameter’s type of a function

// if T is a function ? the return value of the function : any
type Unpack<T> = T extends (...args: any[]) => infer R ? R : any;

// if T is an Array ? R : T
type Unpack<T> = T extends Array<infer R> ? R : T

 // the item type of array
 typeof UserChosen[number]

// if R is Reducer ? Reducer's first parameter S : never
type ReducerState<R extends Reducer<any, any>> = R extends Reducer<infer S, any> ? S : never;
type Reducer<S, A> = (prevState: S, action: A) => S;

// get the parameter type of a constructor
abstract class AbstractClass {
  constructor(a: string, b: number) { }
}
export type InferAbstract<T> = T extends abstract new (...args: infer Args) => infer _ ? Args : never; // new a function which return a value,  infer the parameter as Args, mark the value as abstract class, if T is a abstract class ?  Args : never
type Result = InferAbstract<typeof AbstractClass> // [a: string, b: number]

decorators, use the form @expression, where the expression must infer to a function.

 function first() {
console.log("first(): factory evaluated");
return function (target: any, propertyKey: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {
  console.log("first(): called");
};
 }

 function second() {
console.log("second(): factory evaluated");
return function (target: any, propertyKey: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {
  console.log("second(): called");
};
 }

 class ExampleClass {
@first()
@second()
method() {}
 }

Record

 type AnyObject = Record<string, any>
 type Coord = Record<"x" | "y", number>
 type Coord = {
x: number,
y: number,e
 }

Readonly Partial Required: all the properties are Readonly or selectable or required

type Coord = Partial<Record<"x" | "y", number>>
type Coord = {
  x?: number,
  y?: number,
}

Pick omit: to pick or omit some properties from a given type

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type Coord = Record<"x" | "y", number>
type CoordX = Pick<Coord, "x">
type CoordX = Omit<Coord, "x">

ReturnType Parameters, the former is used for getting the output of a function, while the later is used for a function’s input
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let timer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>
Parameters<(props: Event) => void>

typeof

1 2	const zed: Hero = { name: "影流之主", skill: "影子" }; type LOL = typeof zed; // type LOL = Hero

keyof collecting key

interface Person { name: string; age: number;  location: string; }
type K1 = keyof Person; // "name" | "age" | "location"
type K2 = keyof Person[];  // number | "length" | "push"|"concat" | ...
type K3 = keyof { [x: string]: Person };  // string | number

enums

enum Themes {
default = "_default",
thinkuem = "_thinkuem",
safeuem = "_safeuem",
}
// collect all the values of an enum, but the types of all the values will be inferred as string, even some values are number or string
type ThemesVal = `${Themes}`
// generate a interface
type ThemesVal = Record<Themes, string>
// collect all the keys of a enum
type ThemesVal = keyof typeof Themes

template literal type，a set of every possible string literal that could be represented by each union member

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type a = 1 | 2 | 3
type b = 4 | 5 | 6
type ab = `${a}_${b}` //  "1_4" | "1_5" | "1_6" | "2_4" | "2_5" | "2_6" | "3_4" | "3_5" | "3_6"

template literal has four convenient features Uppercase Lowercase Capitalize Uncapitalize

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type PropEventSource<Type> = {
 on(eventName: `${string & keyof Type}Changed`, callback: (newValue: any) => void): void;
};

type assertion, as or <> syntax

let value: unknown = "Foo";
let len: number = (value as string).length;
let len: number = (<string>value).length;
// the respones is changed in the interceptor, so the first type parameter <unknown> indicates that the response type is not known or specified.
client.post<unknown, EquipmentUptime>(api.insert, data);

is

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export function foo(arg: string): arg is MyType {
 return ...
}

in

1	console.log('model' in car); // boolean

this

 class Box<T> {
value?: T;

hasValue(): this is { value: T } {
  return this.value !== undefined;
}
 }

as const
to infer in an explictly way, infer 1 to 1 instead of number, infer false to false instead of boolean

let x = [0, 1] as const; // let x: [0,1]
// another write pattern:   let x = <const>[0, 1];
let x = [0,1] // let x: number[]

let y = [10, 20] as const; // Type 'readonly [10, 20]'
let z = { text: "hello" } as const; // Type '{ readonly text: "hello" }'

any extends object instead of any when reference to an object
void is used when a function’s output is null or undefined, if a fun does not use return keyword then its value is undefined
unknown is a type-safe of any type. you can narrow down unknow to any type by type assertion

never is used when a function can’t end which means it can’t return a value even an undefined. to express an empty object

function get<T extends object, K extends keyof T>(o: T, name: K): T[K] {
 return o[name]
}
let foo: unknown = "hello";
let bar: string = foo as string;

function login(data: LoginForm): void {}

function login(data: LoginForm): never {
 while (true) {}
}
function login(data: LoginForm): never {
 throw new Error("error");
}

type EmptyObject = Record<string, never>

map types, to generate a type According to a map object, and can be a generics
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type OptionsFlags<Type> = {
[Property in keyof Type]: boolean;
};
index access for looking up a specific property of a type
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type Age = Person["age"]

generics generate a type with a specific params

 function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
return arg
 }
 let myIdentity: <Type>(arg: Type) => Type = identity

implements, to check that whether a class is satisfied the contract specified by one or above interfaces

 interface Runnable {
run(): void;
}

 class Job implements Runnable {
run() {
  console.log("running the scheduled job!");
}
 }

triple slash directives, to introduce other files in the compiling process
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/// <reference path="..." />
class modifiers
- public
- protected: All the members of the class and its child classes can access them, But not the instance of the class.
- private: Only the members of the class can access them.

useful tricks

reduce method needs to provide the initial type and the return type when the return type is not same with the type of array item
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reduce< [string, Lan], { [k: string]: Lan }>((a, c) => {})

refer to React component

1 2	new() => React.Component<any, any> typeof React.Component

promise type, the argument’s type of resolve is number, while the argument’s type of reject is infer to any

function test(arg: string): Promise<number> {
 return new Promise<number>((resolve, reject) => {
  arg === "a" ? resolve(1) : reject("1");
 });
}

the resolve type of promise

1	type resolve = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof drawSlogan>>

to override a property of a interface extended

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interface ColorPickerProps extends Omit<BasicProps<string>, "change"> {
  change: import("react-color").ColorChangeHandler
}

use map and literal to create new property names

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type Getters<Type> = {
 [Property in keyof Type as `get${Capitalize<string & Property>}`]: () => Type[Property]
};

to extend html attributes

declare module "react" {
  interface DOMAttributes<T> {
	name?: string
  }
}

React

life cycle

Mount Phase

initialize
constructor
inside the function

before render
getDerivedStateFromProps, React will call it right before calling render, both on the initial mount and on subsequent updates. It should return an object to update the state, or null to update nothing.
inside the function to compare the state and then return what you want

function ScrollView({row}) {
  const [isScrollingDown, setIsScrollingDown] = useState(false);
  const [prevRow, setPrevRow] = useState(null);

  if (row !== prevRow) {
	  setIsScrollingDown(prevRow !== null && row > prevRow);
	  setPrevRow(row);
  }

  return `Scrolling down: ${isScrollingDown}`;
}

rendering
after render
componentDidMount
useEffect() with empty dependency array

Update Phase
- getDerivedStateFromProps
- shouldComponentUpdate
  use useMemo to shallowly compare
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  // MyComponent will only re-render if the value prop changes
  const MyComponent = React.memo(({ value }) => {
  // Component logic
  return <div>{value}</div>;
  });
- render
- getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(1.contain state before update and after update，2.used to comparative calculations，3. in the end, it could return a value as the third argument of - DidUpdate)
  use useRef to get the old and new state
- componentDidUpdate
  useEffect() with watched data
unmount stage
componentWillUnmount
the returned function of useEffect()
Error Handling
getDerivedStateFromError(error): when there is an error during rendering, allowing the component to capture an error in its children.
componentDidCatch(error, info): when an error has been thrown by a descendant component. It is used to log error information and display a fallback UI.

change view

change props
In React, data flows in a one-way direction, from outside to inside, and from top to bottom. To ensure this simple and predictable data flow, props are kept read-only

useState() useReducer() hooks

the process
setState(partialState) => merges partialState into the current state
=> if isBatchingUpdates === true(is react in the batch updating status), then push this update into _pendingStateQueue(the queue of pending updates) , else set isBatchingUpdates = true and re-call the previous step
=> call waper() to iterate _pendingStateQueue to execute update
=> componentWillReceiveProps
=> to merge the states to get the new state
=> componentShouldUpdate, and then determines whether to continue the update process
=> componentWillUpdate
=> render
=> componentDidUpdate
the data will not update immediately when we call setState, multiple updates from different components will be merged into a single re-render. that’s because if isBatchingUpdates === true, this means react still in it’s updating mechanism, then the upcoming updates will push into _pendingStateQueue
even an empty object like this.setState({}) will also trigger a new update cycle
the updated data can be achieved in callback
to step over React asynchronous behavior and achieve a sync response with ways of setTimeout or native events

componentDidMount(){
  setTimeout(() => {
    this.setState({ number: 3 })
    console.log(this.state.number) // 3
  }, 0)
}
componentDidMount() {
  document.body.addEventListener('click', this.changeVal, false)
}

context, this is shallowly compare
forceUpdate(), only support in class component and it will skip shouldComponentUpdate()
change state in redux
*change dom with ways like ref or native dom handlers

components conversation

parent to children: props
children to parent: callbacks inside the parent props
between brother: find the common parent node, and then use the above methods
cross layer: by context
redux
import module and to interact in the module scope

JSX

jsx will be translated by babel to `React.createElement()

high order component

HOC is a function, that accepts a component and other arguments, and returns a new component that should maintain a similar interface with the original one.
HOC’s name begins with with, such as withButton

1	type HOC = (component: React.component, props) => React.component

features

It allows for the addition or modification of the props of a component, enabling us to handle complex or dirty business logic without affecting the original component.
unifying the data source. such as connect in redux.
to renders different components based on data. e.g., rendering after login can help avoid setting up multiple routers.
If multiple components have the same dependencies, instead of importing the function into each component separately, we can apply the function to different components using HOC
container and component. The former handles logic, while the latter receives props from container and is only responsible for rendering.

Render Props

it is a mode, a component with a callback which accepts component’s data and return React elements
tips: try not use Render Props with pureComponent, because this callback will return a new value after parent re-render. while pureComponent is shadow compare for reduce the times of children re-render, but with Render Props the result of compare will always be false.

<DataProvider render={data => (
  <h1>Hello {data.target}</h1>
)}/>

const DataProvider = (props) =>{
  return <div>{this.props.render(this.state)}</div>
}

render prop is kind of a simply HOC

1	<Mouse render={mouse => <Component {...this.props} mouse={mouse} />}/>

ref

ref is a way for accessing dom
create ref by React.createRef() or useRef()
it is not support to access ref directly on a function component which does not have ref instance.

callback ref

differ from React.createRef(), pass a function to components is also allowed
a better way is use with useCallback() hook, then it wouldn’t be executed every time after component updated

const inputRef = (node) => {
 // argument is a dom element during mount
 // argument is null when unmount
}
const inputRef = useCallback(node => {
  console.log(node);
}, []);
<input type="text" ref={inputRef}/>

ref forwarding

Ref forwarding lets components opt into exposing any child component’s ref as their own.
we can customize the data that the component exposes to the outside using useImperativeHandle() hook.
to access child node from a parent component for triggering focus or measuring the size or position of a child dom.
it is useful in High Order Component, like assigning ref to input’s ref in a input component

function FancyInput(props, ref) {
  const inputRef = useRef();
  // assign focus to inputRef
  useImperativeHandle(ref, () => ({
	  focus: () => {
	    inputRef.current.focus();
	  }
  }));
  return <div><input ref={inputRef}/></div>
}
FancyInput = forwardRef(FancyInput);

// this ref will be the input's ref and can use the focus method
const ref = React.createRef();
<FancyInput ref={ref} />;

hooks

each component has an initial list of “memory cells”, when we call a hook like useState(), it reads the current cell or initializes it during the first render.

hook is a function which lets you to “hook into” React state and lifecycle features from function components.

use pure function as much as possible

useState() keeps the local state in a function component, when we update a state variable, react replaces the state instead of merging it like this.state() in class component.

// fun will only execute once when the component initialize
const [goodGet, goodSet] = React.useState(() => fun(0))
// fun will execute every time the component re-render
const [badGet, badSet] = React.useState(fun(1))

useReducer(), store a complicated state, act like a small redux in a component.
useRef(), store data, and the value returned remains valid throughout the entire life cycle

useEffect() / useLayoutEffect()

one is called after the data is updated, the another is called after the DOM is updated.

// empty dependency array
useEffect(() => {
  // mounted = componentDidMount and componentDidUpdate
  return fun() // unmount = componentWillUnmount
}, [])
// specific dependency array
useEffect(() => {
  //  updated
  return fun()// componentWillUnmount and componentWillUpdate
}, [id])

useContext() accept a context object created by createContext() and returns the current context value.. it’s used when components of different nesting levels need to access the same data.

1	const value = useContext(MyContext)

createContext() accept a default value and returned a context object which has three properties. context will shallowly compare the properties of value to decide whether it should re-render.
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const MyContext = React.createContext(defaultValue)
use useContext() with useReducer() allows passing callbacks to children, avoiding the need to pass callbacks layer by layer.
create a context object for passing dispatch to children, so any child within the component can get the dispatch by useContext.
provider: a react component, that allows to consume components to subscribe to context changes.
consumer: a react component, that allows components to subscribe to context value
displayName: can be modified directly, and is showed in DevTools
contextType: a property on a class component can be assigned a Context object

< MyContext.Provider value = {/* some value */ } />

<MyContext.Consumer>
  {value => /*you can return a component and assign the value to it*/}
</MyContext.Consumer>

MyContext.displayName = 'MyDisplayName'

useCallback() / useMemo() accept a function and an array of dependencies
- the former memorizes the received function, while the latter memorizes the value returned by the received function
- useCallback() allows to keep same callback after re-render, and is recommend to use as callback ref to get dom node after mound
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const measuredRef = useCallback(node => {
console.log(node);
}, []);
<h1 ref={measuredRef}>Hello, world</h1>
custom hook
- It allows for the sharing of stateful logic, rather than the state itself. Its purpose is to encapsulate reusable logic.
useTransition

useDeferredValue()

Using the staled value allows de-prioritizing the updating of a part of the UI. Deferring the re-rendering of that part serves as a performance optimization to prevent it from blocking the rest of the UI. this effect may similar to debounce

// in this case, SlowList is running slowly and should update in response to user input. This indicates that SlowList is blocking user input and the rendering of this component.
// With the help of useDeferredValue, the dependencies are delayed to update, consequently causing SlowList to be delayed.
function App() {
  const [text, setText] = useState('');
  const deferredText = useDeferredValue(text);
  // the re-call of SlowList depends on the deferredText
  const SlowList = useMemo(function SlowList({ text }) {}, [deferredText]);
  console.log(deferredText, text)
  return (
    <>
      <input value={text} onChange={e => setText(e.target.value)} />
      <SlowList/>
    </>
  );
}

what’s happened?
- useDeferredValue is realized by useTransition and useEffect under the react hood
- input 1 => setText executes, text updates to 1 => render(text = 1, deferredText = “”) => the callback of useEffect executes => Update deferredText to match text => render(text = 1, deferredText = “”)

difference between class and hook

class component is hard to reconstruct and decompose
compilation of class component will generate a lot of auxiliary functions

class component require this when passing a function to a component

// by a arrow-function. when the parent refresh, a new arrow function will be generated and the offspring will refresh, even the received props haven't change
<button onClick={() => this.handleClick1()}> btn3 </button>

// by bind. the side effect of this is same with the last one
<button onClick={this.handleClick1.bind(this)}> btn2 </button>

// to declare in the constructor, but it cannot pass parameters
constructor(props) { this.handleClick1 = this.handleClick1.bind(this)  }

// by the static property of class, same with the last one
handleClick3 = () => { }

no this issues in function components, which helps to avoid problems with scope
code lesser with function component, but worse maintaining
doesn’t need to manage state and life cycle

lazy loading

with React.lazy Suspense import(), we can lazy loading components and can do something in the fallback which will be triggered if the component failed to render
with webpack code splitting, each module loaded by import() will be split to separate files.

const OtherComponent = React.lazy(() => import('./OtherComponent'));

<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
 <OtherComponent />
</Suspense>

key

when an array re-rendering, React will check each list item according to the last render. if an inexistent item of the last render is found in the current render, then react will create an new element. if an item of the last render is altered in the current render, then react will delete the old one and create a new one.

The index of an item in an array is Lack of Stability, since it can be changed if items are added, removed, or reordered.
When items are added or removed from the list, React may need to re-render the reset items

shouldComponentUpdate VS pureComponent

the former is in the life cycle of class components, by return a boolean to decide whether to continue update
the later doesn’t implement shouldComponentUpdate, but it can shallowly compare props and states
both of them are helpfully for avoiding needless re-render.

fiber

before fiber, stack Reconciliation(differ)

current tree and WIP(working-in-progress) tree react creates WIP(working-in-progress) tree based on the current tree which marks the current view. WIP tree is used to perform updates under the hood. maintaining the two trees during updating
React uses DFS(depth first search) to traverse two virtual dom tree, comparing the new with old props, the current tree with the WIP tree to find changed nodes, and then determines the nodes that need to be updated, this process called Reconciliation. The result of Reconciliation will be applied to the current tree.
during Reconciliation, the traversal process can cause performance problems as the DOM tree grows larger, and it cannot be stopped once it’s started. React occupies the resources of the browser until it’s finished, so when handling complex views, it can lead to blocking in the main thread, resulting in unresponsiveness in the page.

what is fiber

React saves references to the return (parent), sibling, and child nodes, similar to a linked list. This more powerful representation of the virtual DOM tree is known as Fiber(纤维). this feature enables React to memorize the work in progress, and then pause and resume the Reconciliation process.

Fiber structure

React slices the process of Reconciliation into small pieces, this is called time slicing. It gives control to the browser to respond to user interactions and then takes back control to continue it’s work slice by slice(react => browser => react => browser ….). this mechanism of handling control is known as Fiber structure. in the Fiber structure, react gives control to browser to respond to user interactions at the right time, creating the perception of faster responsiveness.

fiber Reconciliation(differ)

In the Fiber structure, during Reconciliation, React saves the nodes that has effect(require changes) in the effectTag property of the fiber, and uses nextEffect to link those nodes in linked list structure.
After Reconciliation, React steps into the commit phase. During the commit phase, React applies all the effects to WIP tree in one go, and this process cannot be interrupted.

Concurrent Mode

with time slicing, react ables to bounce back and forth between multiple tasks, but doesn’t mean that those tasks are processing at the same time, rather it’s that one task can be paused while other more urgent task are seen to. once the more urgent one are done, we jump back the less urgent one, bringing with the updated information from the more urgent one.
useTransition, this hook is used to wraps a less urgent update.

DFS(depth first search) 深度优先遍历 a search algorithm used for traversing or searching tree or graph data structures.
linked list 链表, a common data structure used to store a collection of elements, where each element is connected to the next one through a node. Each node contains two parts: data and a reference (or pointer) to the next node.

controlled and uncontrolled

they are two different approaches to managing form inputs and components
controlled is driven by props or state, following one-direction data flow. uncontrolled is driven by dom itself, and retrieves value by ref.
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// uncontrolled
<input type="text" ref={inputRef} />

// controlled
<input value={state.value} onChange={handleChange} />
controlled components offer more control and are preferred in most cases, while uncontrolled components can be useful in certain scenarios. In many cases, a mix of controlled and uncontrolled components may be the best approach
- for form inputs where real-time validation, formatting or data manipulation is not required. uncontrolled components can minimize state management overhead and improve performance.
- when integrating with external libraries like date pickers or rich text editors, using controlled components allows these libraries to manage their own state

automatic batching

batching update happened when you had multiple state updates, and react will re-render once at the end of a function, not every time the setState is called. however, to choose is only occurred in a browser event handler. for now in the version 18, updates are batched automatically, regardless of what they’re wrapped by.
ReactDOM.flushSync(), this method is used when you don’t want to apply automatic batching. updates in this method will be update immediately, and it’s a sync method, since we know that setState is a async method.
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import { flushSync } from 'react-dom'; // Note: react-dom, not react

function handleClick() {
flushSync(() => {
setCounter(c => c + 1);
});
}

Built-in React Components

Fragment

// explicitly writing form  is required when pass key to a `Fragment`
<Fragment key={yourKey}>...</Fragment>.

<>
  <OneChild />
  <AnotherChild />
</>

Profiler

// measure rendering performance of a React tree. but adds some additional overhead, so it is disabled in the production build by default
<Profiler id="Sidebar" onRender={(id, phase, actualDuration, baseDuration, startTime, commitTime) => ({})}>
  <Sidebar />
</Profiler>

Suspense + dynamic import + lazy loading

lazy loading should always be declared at the top level of modules.
Data fetching, Lazy-loading by lazy
fallback will be used if any of the children suspend while waiting for some data. nesting multiple Suspense components can create a loading sequence for revealing a component as it loads.

const MarkdownPreview = lazy(() => delayForDemo(import('./MarkdownPreview.js')));

export default function MarkdownEditor() {
  return (
    <>
      <Suspense fallback={<Loading />}>
        <h2>Preview</h2>
        <MarkdownPreview/>
      </Suspense>
    </>
  );

StrictMode

enables additional checks and warnings for its descendants. it‘s used in the DEV mode only.
under StrictMode, setState updaters run twice.

others

refresh page by router according to hash value

1	this.props.history.replace({ pathname: this.props.location.pathname, search: `id=${id}&api=${window.location.hash.split('&')[1].split('=')[1]}` })

the root element may not need a name

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<>
  <input ref={inputEl} type="text" />
</>

redux

concept

A(change) –> B(send an action to store) –> C(store dispatch the action to a reducer) –> D(the reducer return a new state to store) –> E(state changed) –> G(execute listeners)

store a container created by createStore(), where data is changed and saved.
state data, an object
action An object include a required type property and other business related properties. The different values of the type determine the number of actions that a store can perform.
reducer a function, receive an action ,and return a new state. it automatically triggered by store.dispatch()
Reducers should be as the parameter pass to the createStore() when initialize the store.

Redux Methods

createStore(), reducers as parameter is required, an initial state, the third argument is enhancer like middleware
provider allow the redux hooks and connect to components
store.getState() get the present state
store.dispatch() sending an action to reducer
store.replaceReducer() Replaces the reducer currently used by the store.
combineReducers() organize your reducers to manage their own slices of state. accept an object whose values are different reducing functions and turn it into a single reducing function you can pass to createStore.
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combineReducers({ todo: myTodoReducer, counter: myCounterReducer })

bindActionCreators is wrap action into dispatch

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type actionCreator = (payLoad: any) => {...{type: string }, ...payload}
type dispatchAction = (payLoad: any) => dispatch(actionCreator(payLoad))
(actionCreators: actionCreator | actionCreator[], dispatch: Function) => dispatchAction | dispatchAction[]

store.subscribe() receives an listeners function and return a function in which you can disengage the listener.

connect return a function which like a HOC accepts a component and wrap it to subscribe store’s updates and able to dispatch actions.

how it works? with Provider component provided by redux we can wrap a component and get the component’s context and children, then any nested components can access store with Hooks and connect

(mapStateToProps: mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps: mapDispatchToProps, mergeProps: mergeProps, options) => ((component) => connectedComponent)

//  combine state and component's props and pass to the component, if this argument is passed to the components, then mapStateToProps will be executed as every time the store and own-props are updated.
type mapStateToProps = (state: object,  ownProps?: object) => stateProps
// wrap actions as a part of props pass to the component
type mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch: Function,  props?: object) => dispatchProps
// return an object as a result of mapStateToProps and mapDispatchToProps
type mergeProps = (stateProps, dispatchProps, ownProps) => mapStateToProps & mapDispatchToProps

type stateProps = any

interface dispatchProps {
  dispatchPlainObject: () => dispatch(action)
}

middleware is used to inject a third-party in the redux processing, allow you to do sth (like logging, crash reporting, talking to an asynchronous API, routing, and more) after an action is dispatched and before a reducer update the state.
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(getState: store.getState, action, next: (action) => void) => void
- action => middleware => reducer => state
- next is used to pass action to the next middleware. you can pass the current action to continue the middleware chain or pass another action.
- middleware chin: an action can have an array of middleware that is linked by next.
  - tips: if next is used in a middleware for passing another action, then that action will be directly to the reducer and will not go through its own middleware chain
- use dispatch inside a middleware will stop current middleware chain and start another middleware chin.
- it is not different, either use dispatch, or next, or do nothing to stop middleware chain.

redux-toolkit

core api
- createAction，createReducer
- createSlice：including createAction and createReducer
- PayloadAction：ts 泛型，用以声明 action.payload

createAsyncThunk

accepts a Redux action type string and a callback function that should return a promise. return a standard Redux thunk action creator

Vue

2x: Object.defineProperty
3x: Proxy, setter and getter

web3

window.ethereum (an EIP-1193 compliant provider)
Web3.givenProvider

vite

based on rullup, intergrating features like code splitting , cache and more from rullup, and provides a development server or HMR out of the box

turpopack

currently support nextjs only

webpack

module building, browser compatibility, code compressing, code splitting, lazy loading

building process

generate a config from the webpack.config.js and the command line.
use compiler module to create a compilation instance which has access to all modules and their dependencies. execute the compiler.run() to start working. compiler and compilation are the heart of webpack, both of them extend from tapable.
analysis process is started from the entry file. use acron parser to generates AST(Abstract Syntax Tree / 抽象语法树) for the entry file.
traverse through entire AST to create a dependency graph. at this stage, if webpack find any matched rules for loaders, the loaders will convert those codes(e.g. css files) into js, and then Parser parses them into AST.
this process will be repeatedly executed for the each dependency, to recursive traverse.
bundle all the files.
in the above process
1. webpack compiles the different types of file to js file by loaders
  - loader is responsible for file converting. every file type can have more than one loader, those loaders will be invoked with method chaining in order. so the output of a loader will be the arguments of the next loader.
2. compiler will throw some hooks when webpack starts/stops, emit assets, watch mode etc. those events can be listened by plugin and allows plugin to intervene the result of output.
  - plugin can extends features. listen events sended by compiler allows a plugin to effect the result.

optimization

tree shaking
compress code by some plugins, like terser, css minimize
code splitting, use import() to split code into multiple chunk and lazy-loading them. import() can cooperate with suspense feature in react.

boost build time

webpack cache strategies
get precise time by speed-measure-webpack-plugin, like how long the engine spends in each plugin / loader
save time from each plugin or loader
- ts-loader, use happyPackMode or transpileOnly to turn off type checking. the former will implicitly sets transpileOnly: true and will not reports syntactic errors. it is usually used with happypack.
- fork-ts-checker-webpack-plugin works for ts type checking in a separate process which runs in parallel with webpack

tree shaking

after checking import and export, tree shaking will remove the modules which is imported but doesn’t be used. from this point, what method do we use to import file is critical, and we can know tree shaking only supports ES module.

to import the specific modules instead of the whole library

// Import everything (NOT TREE-SHAKABLE)
import _ from 'lodash';

// CAN BE TREE SHAKEN
import { debounce } from 'lodash';
import debounce from 'lodash/lib/debounce';

side effect refer to a function will effect the variables or scope outside the function

however, the border between used and not used is not clean, some modules are started to work when it is imported. since object is reference type, which means that if a function’s arguments are object, then any changes on we made on it will be easily effect the data outside the function. so there has a property sideEffects in the package.json to tell webpack whether should be tree shaking.

  // all the modules have/haven't side effects, and then can't/can be tree shaking
{
  "sideEffects": true/false
}
// give webpack an array with side effects
{
  "sideEffects": [
	"./src/file1.js",
	"./src/file2.js"
  ]
}

module federation

to expose some of our components to the outside, and therefor which can be used in other projects.
this feature is considered as an idea of micro-frontend

HTTP

http: HTTP > TCP > IP > MAC
https: HTTP(application) > SSL/TSL(application) > TCP(transport) > IP(internet) > MAC(link)
http2: HTTP > HPack and Stream> SSL/TSL > TCP > IP > MAC

http vs https
- http requests are sent in plaintext. HTTPS adds SSL/TLS protocol between TCP and HTTP for encrypting data
- http uses 80 port as default, while https uses 403 as default
- friendly to SEO. Search engines like Google prefer HTTPS websites
- HTTPS is seen as a trust signal which will be indicates by browser
three-way handshake is used to establish TCP connection, to ensure that the service and the client both can send and receive data
- The client sends a SYN packet (SYN = synchronize) to the server, and specifying its initial sequence number. (client can send and server can receive).
- the server responds with a packet containing both SYN and ACK(Acknowledgement Number) flags. (server can send)
- the client sends back an ACK packet. (client can receive).
- what it’s used for
  - prevent historical connection
127.0.0.1, localhost, 0.0.0.0
- localhost is domain, equal to 127.0.0.1 which is loopback address(回环地址)
URL
- Reserved characters ： : / ; ? #
- encodeURI decodeURI, don’t encode reserved characters
- encodeURIComponent decodeURIComponent encode reserved characters

CORS

same origin policy, requires same protocol, domain and port

http versions

http1.0
http1.1
- connection:keep-alive feature allows for long-lasting connections
- supports pipeline transport(but it’s not allowed in browsers)
- It compresses only body, excluding header.
- the server responds to requests in the order they were received, a delay in one request can cause subsequent requests to be blocked. This issue is known as head-of-line blocking(队头阻塞)
http2.0
- Compress both the header and body. Both the client and the server maintain a dynamic table of header information. Every header field is stored in this table and assigned an index number. For headers with the same name, only the index number will be sent. this called HPACK
- uses binary format, reducing the step of transforming requests into binary form
- introduces Stream concept, allowing multiple requests and responses to be sent and received concurrently within a single TCP connection.
  - multiple streams exist in one tcp connection, and own a stream-id as an identifier. a full request (request and correspondent response) can be split in frames and then sent with the same stream identifier.
  - a stream is initiated when client or server sends bytes.
- server push. since the server can create stream
- Head-of-line blocking still exists in the TCP layer. TCP is a byte-oriented protocol, and data is only sent to the application layer when the received bytes are complete. Packet loss triggers TCP to resend the missing packets, which can block all the requests.
http3.0

methods

post | put | delete contain request body for saving data.
get: retrieve data, safe and can be cached
post: creating new resources, submitting form data, or sending large amounts of data that cannot be sent in a URL query string.
put: updating existing resources

headers

Content-Disposition: a response header which is indicating if the content is expected to be displayed inline in the browser,or as an attachment to downloaded and saved locally.
1
2
3
// inline or attachment
res.set('Content-Disposition', 'attachment; filename=foo.fdf');
res.send(_res)

http cache

memory cache, disk cache

cache use priority: Service Worker -> Memory Cache -> Disk Cache -> Push Cache
memory cache: fast but limited in time; cache is deleted when the browser is closed.
disk cache: need I/O operations during read and write

strong cache

headers, priority: pragma <= cache-control <= expires
- Expires, an absolute date which is the expire date of the current resource
- Cache-Control
  - max-age:5000, Specifies the maximum amount of time in seconds
  - no-store, strong cache is not allowed
  - no-cache, submit a request to the server for validation before using strong cache
  - private
  - public
- Pragma: no-cache, for compatibility with older HTTP/1.0 caches.

negotiated cache

headers
- Last-Modified / Last-Modified-Since, ETag / If-None-Match
  - Last-Modified set by the server, represents the last modified date of the current resources
  - ETag, set by the server, a hash code represents the current resource
  - Last-Modified-Since / if-none-match sent by the client with the value of Last-Modified / ETag from the previous response. The server compares the values in the request with the current values. If they match, the server responds with 304 Not Modified.

client scenarios

press f5 to refresh: sets Cache-Control:max-age:0;, means the cache is invalid
ctrl + f5 force to refresh, sets Cache-Control:no-cache

code

1XX- Informational
2XX- Success
3XX - Redirection
- 301 vs 302, 301 is permanent redirection, while 302 is temporary redirection. For permanent redirects, the browser caches the redirection location, so the cached location is used the next time.
4XX - Client Error, 400 Bad Request, 401 Unauthorized, 404 Not Found
5XX - Server Error, 500 Internal Server Error, 502 Bad Gateway, 503 Service Unavailable

https optimization

reduce the number of request
- use http cache
- combine small and light requests, like small images
use compress as needed
- lossless compression, Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Content-Encoding: gzip
- lossy compression, Accept: audio/*; q=0.2, audio/basic, q refer to the number of quality

real-time communication

SSE

http long-lasting connection
plain text only
one-way communication, server to client
standard HTTP connection

Websocket

plain text and binary format
bidirectional communication, server to client and client to server
use HTTP handshake, and then upgrade to ws protocol

long-polling

extending the time of timeout, and the server holds the request open until it has new data to send to the client or until a timeout occurs

NPM

npm version patch // v1.0.1

npm version prepatch // v1.0.2-0

npm version minor // v1.1.0

npm version major // v2.0.0

npm publish --access public

control the files of a package
- define the file field in the package.json
- use .npmignore which is used as same as gitignore

Vscode

short key	function
Ctrl+Shift+[	折叠
Ctrl+Shift+]	展开
ctrl+d	选中单词
alt+shift+鼠标点选	多个位置
alt +鼠标点选	选中
alt + z	word break
ctrl + shift + L	pitch on the same words simultaneously
ctrl + shift + p	show command menu
Setting json	C:\Users\tong\AppData\Roaming\Code\User
Line break	“files.eol”: “\n”
ctrl + g	go to a specif line

search patterns

symbol	example	explain
OR或者管道符号（竖线）	x OR y	返回x或者y的信息，或者和两者都相关的信息
AND	x AND y	返回和两者都相关的信息
- 短横线	x -y	排除一个相似的容易造成误导的词语，返回x相关的信息而不是y，注意: 符号-和y之间没有空格
* 通配符	x * y	匹配任何信息
() 括号	(x OR y) -z	将多个款项和符号组合搜索
$ 美元符号	iphone $2000	价格搜索
define:	define:china	显示谷歌内置的词典，以卡片形式展现
cache:	cache:https://github.com	返回该页面最新缓存版本
filetype: 或者 ext:	个人简历 filetype:pdf	返回符合指定的文件类型的信息
site:	js site:github.com	将搜索限制在某个指定的网站
related:	related:github.com	查找和给定域名相关的站点
intitle:	intitle:github	返回所有标题中包含“github”的信息
allintitle:	allintitle:github js	和intitle类似，返回标题中包含所有单词的信息
inurl:	inurl:github	和intitle类似，不同的是匹配的是url而不是标题
allinurl	allinurl:github js	同上
intext:	intext:github	和intitle类似，不同的是匹配的是内容而不是标题
allintext:	allintext:github js	同上
AROUND(X)	apple AROUND（4）iphone	间隔限制，单词“apple”和“iphone”必须出现在内容中，并且相隔不超过四个单词。
weather:	weather:san francisco	查找指定位置的天气
stocks:	stocks:aapl	查找指定的股票信息
map:	map:silicon valley	地图搜索
movie:	movie:steve jobs	电影搜索
in	$329 in GBP	单位转换，前者向后者转换
source:	apple source:the_verge	在google News中查找来自某个来源的新

terms

en	ch
closed testing	精密测试

records

2023/7/19

CSS filter can form stacking context
input‘s’ property hidden does not work in Safari

notes_js

Micro-Frontend

Design Patterns

method chaining

the principles of component design

performance optimization

browser rendering

the rendering process

reflow and repaint

SVG

properties

path

filter

CSS

css anchor position

stacking context

selector

box module

layouts

flexible, self-adoption

centered and vertically aligned layout

others

Storage

RegExp (regular expression)

modifier

Properties

symbols

examples

Javascript

symbol and keyword

variable declaration

es6 shorthand

iterate

Instance’s Properties

Object’s Properties

JSON

Array

number precision issues

scope

scope types

scope chain

Memory Management

Garbage-Collection

Reference-counting Garbage-Collection

mark and sweep algorithm

memory leak

closure

advantages

Stale closure

prototype

property chain

diff between constructor and normal function

Inheritance

prototype delegation

deep and shallow copy

Single-threaded

Event Loop

debounce and throttle

breakpoint resume

messageChannel

generator

vue vs react

architectural patterns

MVC

MVVM

active view and passive view

Typescript

references

diff with js

type judgement

Diff of null and undefined

Diff of .ts and .d.ts

Diff of type and interface

features

useful tricks

React

life cycle

change view

components conversation

JSX

Diff of `null` and `undefined`

Diff of `.ts` and `.d.ts`

Diff of `type` and `interface`